tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65022929578092089402024-02-07T11:21:04.884+08:00How to develop your office and management skillsLets learn and develop your office management skills Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.comBlogger46125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-28668943709380368142014-08-14T13:05:00.001+08:002014-08-14T13:05:15.911+08:00Contingency Approach to Management<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">This
is another modern approach that has attempted to integrate finding of other
perspectives. They believe that it is impossible to select one way of managing
that works best in all situations. Their approach is to identify the conditions
of a task, managerial job and person as parts of a complete management situation
and attempt to integrate them all into a solution which is most appropriate for
specific circumstance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The
manager has to try systematically to identify which technique or approach will,
in a particular circumstance or context, best contribute to the attainment of
the desired goals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The
contingency approach may consider, for policy reasons, that an incentive scheme
was not relevant. Also the expense of a job enrichment scheme may rule this
out. The complexity of each situation should be noted and decisions made in
each individual circumstances. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It
should be borne in mind that the contingency approach is not really new, that
emphasized the importance of choosing the general type of management best
suited to a particular case.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The
contingency approach seeks to apply to real life situations ideas drawn from several
of management thought. Different problems and situations require different
approaches and no one approach is universally applicable. Manager must seek to
identify the approach that will serve them best in any given situation, so they
can achieve their goal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It
is important to note that the contingency approach stresses the need for
managers to examine the relationship between the internal and external environment
of an organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The
system approach to management emphasizes that relationships between various
parts of an organization are interlocked. The contingency approach has
emphasized this idea by focusing on the nature of such relationships.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Criticisms
of the contingency approach are that it has little theoretical foundation and
is basically intuitive. This can be countered by noting that the contingency
approach examines each situation to find out its unique attributes before
management makes a decision. Earlier approaches tended to consider universal
principles which were not always applicable to specific situations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Managers
today are advised to analyze a situation and find appropriate combination of
management techniques to meet the needs of the situation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-32052789090693303902014-08-12T11:15:00.002+08:002014-08-12T11:15:18.532+08:00Systems approach in Management<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Many
activities in organization were treated in an essentially descriptive. The
approaches, scientific, administrative management, behavioral are useful in
different circumstances, but it is difficult to be sure which one is right in a
given situation. In view of this, it is considered that the newer systems and
contingency approaches may provide a more complete integrated approach to the
problems of management.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Thinking
about management with knowledge of the systems approach can help to postulate
conceptually the interrelationship of apparently separate and even contradictory
ideas underlying management theory for the first time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">A
system is an organized combination of parts which form a complex entity, with
interrelationships or interactions between the parts and between the system and
environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">A
management system encourages one to consider the cutting across of traditional boundaries
of responsibility between departments in order to appreciate the objectives of
the whole organization. Distinct demarcation lines between purchasing,
manufacturing, engineering, marketing, etc., may becomes less distinct and a
revision of organization may be needed. This is essential in viewing the management
process as a system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The
systems approach stresses the need for more understanding in the development of
sophisticated problem-solving techniques, e.g. simulation, operations research
and computerized information systems. All these aim to improve the control
mechanisms of organizational systems so that they can plan for, and react more
effectively to changes in the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The
systems approach attempts to give managers a way of looking at organizations as
a complete whole. It implies that activities in any part of the organization
will affect the activities of every other part. The adoption of a system
approach will involved a marked change in organization, hence the vital need to
prepare the organization well in advance for the need to accept change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Whatever
classification is given to managerial activities and responsibilities, they becoming
more dynamic and complex because a greater rate of change and problems of
co-ordination and integration as more jobs become specialized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Traditional
managerial theory and behavioral science have provided guidelines to cope with
uncertainty and change, but the approaches are too fragmented. It is here that
a systems approach can help.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">General
systems theory provided valuable insights into the structure and process of
management. The systems approach recognized variety and offers a way of
interrelating differences by reconciling them within the whole. This is an
approach which emphasizes theory and conformity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-10155596286907131242014-07-14T15:43:00.001+08:002014-07-14T15:43:20.824+08:00Expansion of Management Knowledge<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Management
is an applied technique and a closely to many allied fields e.g. economics.
Disciplines devoted to studying people, e.g. psychology, sociology and
political science, have grown and generated an expansion of management
knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
development of management thought can, for convenience, by considered to
comprise four main periods – <i>early
influence, the scientific management movement, the human relations movement,
and modern influences, e.g. the revisionist movement.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Early influences<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Ancient
records in <st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Greece</st1:place></st1:country-region> indicate
the importance of organization and administration, but do not much insight into
the principles of management. Outstanding scholars have referred to management
activities in the running of city states and empires.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Administration of the <st1:place w:st="on">Roman Empire</st1:place> was a
complex job. The Romans effectively used many basic management ideas, e.g.
scalar principles and delegation of authority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Scientific management<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">In
the years after 1900, conventional management practices were found to be
inadequate to meet demands from the changing economic, social and technological
environment. A few pioneers examined causes of inefficiency and experimented to
try to find more efficient methods and procedures for control. From these basic
experiments a system of management thought developed which come to be known as
scientific management.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
method was to investigate every operating problem and try to determine the
“best way” to solve the problems, using scientific methods of research. The
concept involved a way of thinking about management.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Administrative management<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
role of administrative management and concluded that all activities that occur
in business organization could be divided in to six groups, i.e.:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Technical
(production, manufacturing)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Commercial (buying,
selling, exchange)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Financial (obtaining
and using capital)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Security (protection
of property and persons)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Accounting (balance
sheet, stocktaking, statistic, costing)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Managerial (planning,
organizing, commanding, co-coordinating, controlling) <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
six groups of activities above are interdependent and that it is the role of
management to ensure all six activities work smoothly to achieve the goals of
an enterprise.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Human relations movement and behavioural science<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Industrial
psychology emerged a specific field about 1913, it was concerned with problems
of fatigue and monotony and efficiency in work, as well as in the design of
equipment, lighting and other working conditions. It later dealt with problems
of selecting and training employees and developed techniques of psychological
testing and measurement. Industrial psychology emphasized the study of large
and small groups in industry. The basis of the human relations movement was the
integration of various disciplines, i.e. industrial psychology and sociology,
applied anthropology and social psychology, and was concerned with the human
problems which management encountered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-31996658450937443722014-07-11T12:55:00.002+08:002014-07-11T12:55:30.702+08:00Management to be a Profession ?<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">In
recent years there has been further consideration as to whether management can
be regarded as a profession. The conflicting arguments can be considered only
if a profession is defined. The following main points seem relevant:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">There must exist a
body of principles, skills and techniques and specialized knowledge;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">There must be formal
methods of acquiring training and experience;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">An organization
should be established which forms ethical codes for the guidance and
conduct of members.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">If
the above standards are considered, the management cannot really be a called a
profession. There are no licenses for managers, nor is there an accepted code
of ethics. Management is a practice, rather than a science or profession.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Economic
performance and achievement are the proper aims of management and that a
manager’s primary responsibility is to manage a business. A manager should not,
therefore, devote time to objectives such as professionalism which lie out-side
the enterprise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
solution may lie in a balanced approach. At present there are trends towards
professionalism, seem in the development of skills and techniques, more formal
training facilities and the greater use of management consultants and
specialized associations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Managers
have to balance their obligations to the undertaking which employs them with
the community at large, with other employees, suppliers, consumers, and their
own conscience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Because
of the growing professionalism of managers there is a need for such a code of conduct
as brief below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To act loyal and
honestly in carrying out the policy of the organization and not undermine
its image or reputation;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To accept
responsibility for their work and that of their subordinates;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Not to abuse their
authority for personal gain;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Not to injure or
attempt to injure the professional reputation, prospects or business of
others;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Always to comply
strictly with the law and operate within the spirit of the law.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Other
points refer to dealing honestly with the public, promoting the increase in
competence and the standing of the profession of management, and recognizing
that the organization has obligation to owners, employees, suppliers, customers,
users, and the general public.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Guides
to good practice include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Establishing
objectives for themselves and their subordinates which do not conflict
with the organization’s overall objectives;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Respecting
confidentially of information and not using it for personal gain;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Making full
disclosure of a personal interest to their employer.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Other
points refer to helping and training subordinates, ensuring their safety and
well –being, honouring contracts to customers and suppler, ensuring correct
information is produced, not tolerating any corrupt practices, and finally to
setting up a disciplinary structure to implement the code.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-49280399097725335712014-07-09T13:41:00.003+08:002014-07-09T13:41:52.514+08:00Administration being part of Management<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Administration</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> is sometimes used to refer to the activities of the
higher level of the management group who determine major aims and policies.
This can be called the broader use of the term which is often used in
government departments. It is also used in the narrower sense, of controlling
the day-to-day running of the enterprise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">An
administrator can also be a manager, this occurs when the administrator is
concerned with implementing policy in dealings with employees to whom
responsibilities have been delegated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Defines
of <b><i>administration</i></b>
is the part of the management process concerned with the institution and
carrying out of procedures by which the programmed is laid down and
communicated, and the progress of activities is regulated and checked against
targets and plans. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Management</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> has even more meanings than administration. <b><i>Management</i></b>
can mean:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A <i>process</i> by which scarce resources
are combined to achieve given ends. This describes and activity which can
be better described by the word managing;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The <i>management referring</i> to those
people carrying out the activity. This should really be the <i>managers</i>;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The body of knowledge
about the <i>activity of managing</i>,
regarded here as a special field of study, i.e. a <i>profession</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Of
these three, the first is preferable, management referring to the process of
management.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">A
useful approach is to consider management to be a process whereby a suitable
environment is created for effort to be organized to accomplish desired goals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Management</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> can define as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">A
social process entailing responsibility for the effective and economical
planning and regulation of the operations of an enterprise, in fulfilment of a
given purpose or tasks, such responsibility involving:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Judgement and decision
in determining plans, and the development of data procedures to assist
control of performance and progress against plans; and<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The guidance,
integration, motivation and supervision of the personnel composing the
enterprise and carrying out its operations.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">It
can be seen from the above that the process as a whole is called management –
administration being part of it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
term <i>top management</i> usually refers to
management above departmental level and is loosely applied to directors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
word <i>executive</i> is correctly used when
referring to a person who carried out policy. The phrase <i>top executive</i> is used for people of a high status, who is fact do
no <i>executive</i> work at all, as they
spend their time formulating policy. They are of course responsible for
executive action done under their jurisdiction. Where words are associated with
status rather than function, precision is impossible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-14692300265147206052014-07-09T12:14:00.003+08:002014-07-09T12:16:31.084+08:00The concept of Management<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">There
have been many attempts to describe the contents of the “job” of management. It
has been considered to be a separate activity from the technical functions of
production, marketing and finance. Various economists separated it from other factors
of production (land, labour and capital). The other economists also agreed with
the idea that management was a separate entity, being concerned with innovation
as well as administration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">In
recent years, management deals with a number of variable that are dependent
upon each other. These variables will surely increase as companies grow more
complex and it will then become more difficult to trace the side-effect of a
change in dealing with a specific are of management responsibility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">There
are many problems to be solved. Some people try to solve them by considering
changes in the <i>structure of organizations</i> and the locations of authority and
responsibility. Others hope to do it by improving the quality of decisions by
<i>new technologica</i>l ideas and the use of modern methods of data processing. Yet
another group expects to solve the same problem by concentrating on <i>human
relations</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The vital point to be considered is that the structural,
technological and human aspects cannot be separated as they all interact. For
example, if a firm changes from a functional to a product grouping, problems of
interpersonal relations occur. This may in turn affect the techniques of
control (i.e. new financial systems may be needed). A knowledge of the above
fact should enable a manager to understand that it may not be easy to find a
simple answer to a problem but, by acknowledging this fact and using available
knowledge wisely, answers can be much more accurate and effective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
development of any science needs a conceptual framework of theory and
principle. Principles of management have existed for a long time, but an
acceptable framework to encompass them was needed. A management principle distils and organizes
knowledge that has been built up through experience and analysis. Management is
far from being an exact science at present but, by understanding and applying
accepted principles, the quality of management will never become wholly an
exact science as personal judgment will always be needed to supplement
available knowledge, therefore, as practice, management will always be an art.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-56096730193530907712014-07-03T11:51:00.002+08:002014-07-03T11:51:31.033+08:00 Characteristics of an effective teamwork<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">An
effective team has clear goals and members who are committed to achieving these
goals. In order to accomplish this, members should:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Enjoy open and honest
communication (between members and with the leader)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Participate in goal
setting<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Contribute their
skills and expertise<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Deal constructively
with differing point of view within the team<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Be able to take on
the role of another team member when required<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Quality Teamwork<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Organizations
require quality effort from their teams. Teams can contribute much to the
outcomes of the organization if they:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use everybody within
the group<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pay attention to data
collection and analysis<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Document process as a
form of control<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Focus on the needs of
the customers and clients<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Implement good
communication processes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">With
these techniques in place, the result can be quite outstanding.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Team Leaders<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Team
leader have a particular role to fill. In the beginning their role is to set
parameters and motivate members. As the team begins to function effectively,
the role will change and the leader will become a facilitator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Some
suggestions for a good team leader are to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Discuss matters
concerning the work with all team members-keep them up-to-date<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Respect the
contributions made by members<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Make sure members
understand what is expected of them<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Listen to all points
of view<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Build self-esteem<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Motivate members
towards attaining the team’s goals<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Provide training and
support in area which would assist member’s performance<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Show appreciation for
the contribution made by members<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Delegating<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Delegating
is a valuable time management tool</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
It involved work into separate tasks and allocating the responsibility for
completing those tasks to team members or other staff members. Staffs who
accept the tasks need to have the necessary time available for complete them,
as well as expertise, skills and an interest in the project.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
constraints of time and the need to use the expertise of others are two reasons
for delegating. Staffs stand to gain valuable experience. The team leader is
available for consultation, but is also released to concentrate on other work. The
person delegating the tasks should give feedback on how well the work was done.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">A
record should be kept of the work that is delegated and a follow-up system
should be implemented to check on the progress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Conflict<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Teams
are not exempt from conflict situations. Members can express opinions and
exhibit behaviours that are not always in line with the group’s ideas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Conflict
may be either destructive or constructive. The openness and assertiveness of
communication will influence the satisfactory resolution of any disagreement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-73129364952738107852014-07-01T14:55:00.003+08:002014-07-01T14:55:50.599+08:00Quality Formation Teamwork<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">There
are several stages in team formation. A team leader needs to understand for cycles
or phase of team formation so that appropriate support and encouragement are
given.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Forming<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">This
is the phase when the team first comes together to perform the set tasks.
Members will learn:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">How to relate to each
other<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To overcome fear,
misgivings and apprehension<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To appreciate the
strengths of the team leader<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">What their function
will be within the team</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Storming<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">This
is the phase when differences are sorted out and adjustments are made.
Productivity may decline or be stalemated until the team members accept
individual differences. The team members need to work harmoniously with the
leader and know what is expected of them in their particular role.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
leader should discuss issues with members so that principles for working
towards common goals are established.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Norm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">In
this phase, the team’s work begins to settle and members learn to appreciate
the roles played by others, and also learn what their individual contribution
should be.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">By
now, the leader should be developing trust in the team members who are starting
to assume responsibility for working through the assigned tasks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Performing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">By
the performing phase, teams are starting to see the result of their efforts.
The balance within the team is more finely-turned and the leader’s role will
change to one of delegation as members take on more decision making.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">When
a member leaves or a new member joins the team, progress will be disrupted. The
team will revert to an earlier phase until it adjusts to the change in
relationships and perhaps also to change in roles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Strategies<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Industry
is now placing more emphasis on the work carried out by teams. A popular phrase
is <i>“continuous improvement”.</i> This
means reviewing the current systems and assessing, in hindsight, whether they
worked effectively or can be improved. The results are evaluated so that in
future it is known what worked for particular team and what was not effective
in achieving the desired outcomes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Experience
and knowledge gained through teamwork will make employees more valuable to the
organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Team
members should become enthusiastic and committed to developing strategies for
reaching the goals set.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Some
strategies are to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Get the work
done-understand what is required and follow through on what you have
promised to do<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Find ways of making
and documenting improvement-look for
better work practices and ways of reducing wasted effort and
materials<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Share your ideas and
ensure that quality processes are followed-tell other team members of
improved methods you have developed what you have learned may enable cost
savings to be made by the team and the organization.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-60696017689355803252014-06-27T12:06:00.002+08:002014-06-27T12:06:29.947+08:00Teamwork Member Participation <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Team goals and tasks required<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Through
teamwork, you become a contributor to the setting of the organization’s goals.
Goals are the “big picture”. When they are broken down into manageable
portions, they become tasks. Tasks must be measurable-they must be quantifiable
and time-limited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Goals
should be clearly set and attainable. If team members contribute to the goal
setting process they will have a vested interest in the goal being reached.
They will then be more motivated and committed to achieving those goals. Each
team member needs to fully understand the role he or she has to play and the
nature of the tasks for which he or she will be responsible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial;">A goal is a target based on the results
you want to achieve.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Team Cooperation to complete goals and
tasks<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">A
good team includes in its planning an agreement to cooperate with other
members, so that the organization’s goals and objectives are met. By doing this
it also draws on the strengths of its membership.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Through
communication networks and sharing of information and problems, support is
provided to members as that task is completed within given timelines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Group dynamics<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Group
dynamics is a term used to describe the energy of a group or team working and
interacting to meet a common goal. Group dynamics has a marked effect on both
the quality and quantity of a team’s output.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Members
benefit from the expertise of one another and gather strength and focus. A
spirit of cooperation and respect becomes evident. The combination of
personalities encourages team members to reach their potential.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Communication<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
efficiency and productivity of a team are influenced by the way is which
members communicate with each other. Members should speak and listen to
individuals as well as the leader. Nobody should be left out.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Other
factors which influence the effectiveness of communication are good listening
skills and the ability to use and read body language. Body language messages
may be conveyed by certain movements of our eyes, head, face, arms, hands,
shoulders, or even they way we sit or stand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Environment<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
work environment may give team members an opportunity to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Show support,
encouragement, trust and understanding<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Express their
opinions<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Contribute to the
team’s goals<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Or
give them feeling of being:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Restrained, punished
or threatened<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-53625602692688811112014-06-26T12:28:00.002+08:002014-06-26T12:28:31.011+08:00Good time management skills <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Responsibility for team tasks<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">A
team member needs to accept responsibility for tasks entrusted to him or her.
Completing tasks is a cooperative effort. Unless the team pulls together, the
work will not get done.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Within
a team, members will resume different rules according to their styles, skills
and personalities. <b>Some examples</b> of
the roles people can adopt are outlines below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chairperso</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">n <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
person who leads the team<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Plant <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
creative person who thinks of new ways of doing things<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Resource/Investigator <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
person who develops contacts and brings new idea and information to the team<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Monitor/evaluator<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
person who judges accurately and stops the team from making wrong decisions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Coordinator<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
person who promotes decision making<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Shaper<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
person who puts the team’s idea and goals into reality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Implementor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
person who puts ideas into practice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Completer/finisher<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The
person who delivers on time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">These
are all desirable roles in team membership. Some members are able to switch or
take on various to allow goals to be achieved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Once
roles and styles are identified, allocating responsibility for particular tasks
becomes easier. If the task in hand involved research, you need a
resource/investigator. If it involves making judgement between alternatives, a
monitor/evaluator is needed. A completer/finisher is always necessary to ensure
that the task is completed within the given time frame.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Problems, options and solutions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Problems
are given to teams to analyse and work through. Within a specified time, a team
will be asked to provide some options and solutions. At times when there is no
single clear answer, a process of discussion and negotiation will take place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">A
good way to assist discussion and negotiation is to hold a brainstorming
sessions. This encourages team members to contribute ideas in a non-threatening
situation. It is surprising how easily ideas will flow once there is this sort
of stimulation. People begin to see things in an innovative way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Problem solving</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> is the ability to find lasting solutions to complex
problems. A successful team is able to focus on the problem, analyse and
develop the options and put the solutions into practice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Task reviewing and <o:p></o:p></span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>re-prioritizing</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Many
times in an office your carefully planned day and list of things to do today
will be upset and thrown into chaos. Some of the reasons for this could be:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The unexpected need
for you to attend a meeting<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Having to fill in for
an absent staff member<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Having to attend to a
more pressing project<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Designated timelines for tasks</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">When
setting timelines, try to be realistic and operate within the resources at your
disposal. Estimating times is difficult, but it will become easier with
experience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">If
you were asked to key in a 30-pages document on a word processor, how long
would it take? It will depend on:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The number of other
duties you have to complete<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The complexity or
technically of the language in the document<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The difficult of the
layout and design<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Etc<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">It
may be the organization’s policy for another staff member to help with
collating and checking. In any case, when you are striving to meet deadlines,
allow some leeway for unexpected interruptions and seek the support of other
staff members so that goals and targets are met on time. </span><b style="font-family: Arial;">Cooperating with others is a valuable part of teamwork.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Good time management skills</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the ability to prioritize are keys to getting
work done according to its degree or urgency. Keep your employer informed of
the progress and constantly look for ways to improve your work habits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-87300176535317253492014-06-23T13:09:00.001+08:002014-06-23T14:06:01.778+08:00Teamwork in the workplace<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Schedule Organizing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Team</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> – a group of people who work together to complete certain tasks and
achieve particular goals. As soon as there is more than one person working on a
given task or towards a common goal, a team is formed. There is no upper limit
of people for a team, but when a group becomes larger it may be called a
“department”. Some sources state that more than 12 people in a team makes it unmanageable,
as the decision making is left to a few and others tend to take a back seat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Within
teams there are people with various strengths and abilities. A team is
successful when these attributes are well combined.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Goals</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> – the dictionary defines this word as: “<i>the aims or purposes towards which effort is directed</i>”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">If
goals are set realistically, the level of performance is lifted. Often in your
personal life you will say things like the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I would like to
finish reading that book by Friday<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On Wednesday of next
week, I must tidy my bookcase<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tonight I am going to
write a letter to may friend in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Rome</st1:place></st1:city><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This time next year I
am going to <st1:place w:st="on">Bali</st1:place> for a holiday<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In three years’ time
I will have saved enough money to buy a new car<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">There
are things really want to do and will work hard to achieve. The above goals are
both short- and long-term in their timeframe. Short-term goals generally take
between a few months and a year to achieve, and long-term goals are achievable
within two or more years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Team goals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">In
a work situation, you immediately become a member of team. Each person has his
or her own area of responsibility, as described in the duty statement or job
description. Management distributes various duties to staff so that the goals
of the organization are reached on a daily or long-term basis. It is important
that you know your responsibilities and play your part in completing the tasks
which are assigned to you.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
setting of goals should</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Lead to higher
performance<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Allow team members to
attempt more difficult tasks<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Lead to higher goals
being set (if team members participate in the goal setting)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Result in better
performance (not simply goal attainment)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Give greater job
satisfaction<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Be clear, challenging
and relevant to the purpose<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Define clear roles
for the team members<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Assist in the
attainment of the organization’s profit-making expectations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">To
work successfully in team, each member should:</span></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Respect the skills
and expertise others<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Have clear guidelines
and a list of tasks and goals for the work entrusted to him or her<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Share the
decision-making process<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Contribute to the
quality of decisions made<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Encourage all points
of view<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Seek solution to
problem<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Contribute to a
positive team spirit<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Etc<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Team
goals are set in order to improve quality, output, standards, service and
performance by using the team’s combined expertise and commitment to the goals</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Time ad resources to complete tasks<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Take
time to analyse the steps involved in completing tasks. Make sure each stage is
manageable within a given timeline. Plan to do things in the order of their
importance. This is called </span><b style="font-family: Arial;">“prioritizing</b><span style="font-family: Arial;">”
and is an important element of time management.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">In
work situation you will be given tasks to complete within given timelines. The
effective use of time will increase you value to the organization. Learn to do
the right thing at the right time, with reference to its priority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial;">“Plan your work and work your plan”</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> is good advice. Writing down you commitments is a
useful organization tool.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-72170129619838452672014-06-22T15:26:00.004+08:002014-06-22T15:26:37.878+08:00Occupational Health and Safety<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Power access</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Incorrect use of power to office
equipment can case hazards. The following can be prevented by correct use of
power access:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Electric shock<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jolting or falling<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Burns<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Fire<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Power accidents can be caused by
unsafe work practices, work environments and/or poor insulation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">You should not:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use double adaptors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use frayed leads<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Force plugs into
sockets<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Attempt to repair an
electrical malfunction<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">You should:</span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Positioning equipment
close to power points<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Plug in cords when
the power is switched off<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use a “Standards”
approved power board if several items of equipment are in use<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Start up and use
equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Switch machines off
in accordance with manual and manufacturer’s instructions<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Remove plugs from
power sockets by holding the plug (not the cord)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ensure that the
correct power sources voltage is used<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Install and position
equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Refer to
manufacturers’ manuals for correct power usage guidelines.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">As well as power dangers,
lacerations and cuts from sharp objects and paper should also be prevented.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Safety procedures and work habits<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> It is usual foe new office machines
and equipment to be covered by supplier’s or manufacturer’s warranty for three
to 12 months. This means that inherent defects of the machine will be repaired
without charge. Remember that damage caused by misuse will have to be paid for
by the owner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Organizations may take out
maintenance agreements to cover service calls, but replacement parts usually
incur an extra charge. The length of time a machine is out of service while waiting
for repair (called “down time”) is a serious consideration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> You can help keep expensive
equipment in good working order by observing correct procedures and work
habits. Some points to be bear in mind are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">You should not:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Eat, drink or smoke
when working<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use correction fluids
near equipment<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use household
cleaners on machines-they usually contain ingredients that are too
abrasive<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Leave finger marks,
dirt or correction fluid on the glass top or white surface of the
photocopier<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Locate your computer adjacent
to electronic typewriter or facsimile machines-the magnetic radiation from
them will affect the computer’s operation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">You should:</span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use a soft brush to
clean dust particles from keyboards<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use correct cleaning
materials, for example solutions, sprays, wipes, wands, cleaning brushes
and lint-free cloths (check with the supplier for advice)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Set up a cleaning
materials kit close to the equipment<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Establish a regular
routine (preferably weekly) for cleaning equipment in your care<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Investigate the
availability of computer cleaning kits from chemical suppliers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Keep computers out of
direct sunlight and make sure that vent have at least 20 mm of space so
that the computer can “breathe”. Computers tend to overheat when there is
insufficient space for ventilation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use correct start up
and shut down procedures to avoid corrupting and losing valuable data<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-81938461827001452652014-06-19T12:14:00.003+08:002014-06-19T12:14:52.721+08:00Type of Financial Documents<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">An enquiry from a potential
purchaser is the beginning of a financial transaction. The enquiry may be made
by phone, in person or by ordinary or electronic mail.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The potential seller will follow
this through by giving details of prices, a description of the goods and
services and providing price lists, brochures or catalogues. This will help the
enquirer to make a decision.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> It is common practice to ask for
quotation so that comparisons are made with quotes submitted by other
organizations. Sometimes the purchasing department may ask for three quotations
to be obtained.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> When the enquirer becomes a
purchaser, the more formal documentation takes place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Purchase requisition<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A purchase requisition is an
internal document. It is not sent to a supplier. When a branch or department of
an organization requires the supply of goods or services, a purchase
requisition is raised.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> When the requisition is approved, it
is sent to the purchasing departments. The purchasing department raises the
purchase order.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The purchase requisition is checked
against the goods and services when they are received by the branch or
department. The requisition is then moved from the “pending” file to the
“completed” file. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Purchase Order<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A purchase order is raised either in
response to receiving a purchase requisition or when good are required. A
purchase order is an external document, which means that it is sent from the
purchaser to a supplier. It is an instruction from one company (the purchaser)
to another company (the supplier) to supply certain goods or services on
credit. Purchase orders may be sent electronically.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The purchaser retains a duplicate or
an electronic copy of the purchase order. The purchase order records the number
of the purchase requisition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The duplicate of the purchase order
is checked against the invoice when the goods are received. Discrepancies
between the purchase order and the delivery are noted and appropriate action is
taken. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Invoice <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> An Invoice is raised in response to
receiving a purchase order. An invoice is an external document, which means
that the original is sent by the supplier to the purchaser. The invoice may be
sent either with the goods or by mail. The supplier retains the duplicate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> An</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <i>invoice should
record the number of the purchase order.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The delivery docket (a copy of the
invoice, but without price) is forwarded with the goods. It is the
responsibility of the person receiving the goods to check that the items
delivered match the delivery docket and that they are in good condition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> An invoice is an essential source
document. The purchaser records details of the original invoice in the
purchases journal, the supplier records details of the duplicate invoice in the
sale journal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Credit Note<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A credit note is raised in response
to receiving returned stock, or notification of short supply or overcharging
when goods and services have been purchased on credit. The supplier sends a
credit note to the purchaser. The purchaser must give a reasonable explanation
for the return. The reason for return is shown on the credit note. The supplier
retains the duplicate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> credit note records the number of the invoice and
purchase order.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A credit note is an essential source
document. The purchaser records details of the original credit note in the
“purchases returns and allowances” journal; the supplier records details of the
duplicate credit note in the “sales returns and allowances” journal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Statement<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A statement is prepared by the
supplier and sent to the purchaser, usually every month. For the supplier, the
statement mirrors the purchaser’s account in the “account receivable” ledger. A
statement is a monthly summary, in chronological (date) order, of all the
transactions (invoices, credit notes, receipts and cash discounts) between the
supplier and the purchaser. Statements are compiled as at the end of trading on
the last day of the month, or other agreed balancing date.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Statements are essential documents.
Statements are not source documents – they are documents against which the
supplier and the purchaser validate all other documents (invoices, credit
notes, cheque butts and receipts).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Receipt<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A receipt is raised in response to
receiving a cheque, any money (cash or electronic). The supplier sends a
receipt to the purchaser. All monies coming into the organization must be
receipted; however, not all suppliers actually send receipts to purchaser.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> If the purchaser has claimed a cash
discount of the payment will not equal the amount of the account. The amount
received and the amount of the cash discount must be recorded on the receipt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A receipt is an essential source
document. The supplier records details of the receipt in the “cash receipt”
journal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-59654819793684446062014-06-17T12:14:00.003+08:002014-06-17T12:18:31.499+08:00Essential and optional financial documents<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Every business transaction for goods
or services involves at least two organizations, one doing business purchasing
and other doing the selling. Financial documents are generated for every
transaction as proof of the transaction. Some documents are essential because
they are used to record information about financial transactions in “books of
original entry”, otherwise known as “journals”. Other documents are optional,
that is they are not required in every business transaction. Journals do not
record the information on optional documents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Guidelines for completing financial
documents<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Many documents and books of account
are now processed electronically. However, the following guidelines apply to
completing financial documents and books of account in a manual system:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Handwriting must be
legible<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Figures must be
legible and kept in alignment<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Errors should be
ruled out with a pen and the correct figure should be written above <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Correction should be
initiated<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">You should not use
correction fluid or erasers to correct errors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Requirements for financial documents</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Documents raised in an organization
for financial purposes have specific requirements for accounting, business,
records, taxation and legal purposes. Documents are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">“Accountable forms”
and must not be destroyed; an “accountable forms” register is kept for
audit purposes; unused forms must be stored in a secure place<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Required to display
the name (and other details) of the organization generating the document<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Numbered
consecutively; an alphabetical prefix to the number indicates a series<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Required to have an
original and a duplicate; some organizations may produce even more copies<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Required to show the
date of he transaction<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Required to record
the numbers of the documents to which they refer; this provides an “audit
trail”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Credit transactions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Businesses mostly conduct
transactions on a credit basis. This means that goods or services are not paid
for at the time of the transaction. A supplier extends credit to a purchaser.
The purchaser must complete an “Application for Credit”. This document outlines
the terms of trade established by the supplies and agreed to by the purchaser.
Financial documents are usually pre-printed. They are designed to conform to
the accounting practices and computer systems of the company. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Terms of Trade – Credit limit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> When negotiating terms of trade, the
supplier will set a credit limit for the purchaser. The decision will be based
on the purchaser’s financial situation, credit rating, paid up capital, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nett 30 days<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Most of organizations stipulate Nett
30 days for payment. This means that purchases for a month (say 1-30 June) will
appear on the statement prepared by the supplier at the end of June. When the
purchaser receives this statement from the supplier early in July, the
purchaser has until 31 July to pay the account. If the account is not paid by
31 July, the amount will be “aged” on the statement into the “outstanding 30
days” box.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-27247681095968754772014-06-15T08:55:00.000+08:002014-06-15T08:55:01.497+08:00Record management – The important of keeping records<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">It
is important for all organizations, large or small, to have good record-keeping
procedures. Records hold essential information for day-to-day running of an
organization. They are effectively the “memory” of an organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Records meet various requirements.
They store information about personnel, customers, clients and the organization
itself. They contain evidence of business transactions. Records also meet legal
and accountability responsibilities. For example, they can prove that the
organization has paid the right taxes, and complied with the legal requirements
in various areas. They also used to maintain important historical records of
the organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Forms of records<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Records come in different forms. They
can be electronic data store or they can be hard copy. Some organizations
(though not the average office) keep records on microfilm. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Records vary depending on the type
of organization. However, there are some kinds of records which all
organizations keep. These include copies of correspondence, financial records
and details of wages paid to staff.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> What ever records the organization
keeps, the filing system should allow staff members to find the information
they need quickly and efficiently. The organization should have a filing
procedures manual in which these details are outlines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Centralized and Decentralized records<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Centralized records<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Many large organizations have a
centralized records department. This means that all the records are kept in one
place. The centralized record department has the responsibility for records for
the whole organization and has total control over the distribution and release
of information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Decentralized records<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Decentralized records may be
decentralized with central control or have autonomous control. This system has
become more common in recent times. May organizations and departments now
control and maintain their own records.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The advantages of decentralized
records are that there is easy access to files and that each section has
control of its records within its own area. The disadvantages are that each
section needs to have the right equipment for record-keeping and more staff
need to have the expertise to keep records correctly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Many organizations use a combination of
centralized and decentralized records.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Records Management<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Records management covers the
complete cycle of record from its creation to its disposal. The complete cycle
is:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Records creation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Records maintenance<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Records utilization
and transmission<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Records retention<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Records disposal</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Filling Classification<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Filing means classifying, sorting,
arranging and storing records according to particular classifications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">The six most common types of
classification are:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Alphabetical<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Numerical<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Alpha-numerical<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Geographical<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Subject<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chronological</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Organizations choose the classification
that suits their needs.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-60521501867075792612014-06-13T15:38:00.002+08:002014-06-13T15:38:40.076+08:00What is Customer Service?<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Nothing
promotes business for the organization like a satisfied customer. Costly media
campaign can never complete with the value of recommendation made by a
satisfied client. If a customer’s expectations have been realized or surpassed
in a business deal, the word will be passed on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Customer
Service is looking after people who really need help.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">What is quality customer service?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Meeting demands for
quality products and services<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Encouraging
confidence in the goods and services provided<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Understanding
customer requirements and expectations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Exceeding the
expectations of clients<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Developing service
standards (through staff training)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ensuring staff are
well presented, merchandise is attractively displayed and work area is
tidy<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Keeping up-to-date
with new trends and products<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Etc<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">It has been said that “quality and
politeness are free”. When a customer service is not satisfied, it can be very
expensive to regain him or her business and rectify the error.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Service provider’s role<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The organization should be
constantly alert to changes in products and changes in customers’ needs. There
is wide scope for innovation and new approaches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial;">There should be</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Planning for
promotional ideas<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Implementation of
technically sound improvements<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Provision of correct
information<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Retention of
credibility<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Assurance to
customers of their value to the organization<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Type of Customer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A customer database is a valuable
resource. If you have been a long-standing client of an organization, you like
to be remembered. When records are on computer, it is easy for:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A staff member to
access details of past dealings with the company<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Material and
information on clients to be retrieved according to specified
classifications<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Promotional material
to be targeted to particular client groups<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Identification of the types of customer
is useful for planning in an organization.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Customer needs<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Sometime a survey is undertaken or a
questionnaire is given to establish the sorts of things a customer is looking
for. If the organization is made aware of the needs of customers, improvements
and modifications can be made. Organizations conducting this sort of activity
are keen to “lift their game” and perhaps meet, or beat, their competition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The manner in which questions are
posed has a significant impact on the value of the responses. It is good
practice to begin with general questions and work down to things that are more
specific. A short questionnaire that requires simple response is more
acceptable to a potential respondent than a questionnaire that requires long
answers. It is also easier and less costly to analyse.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-20174227930740707272014-06-12T14:51:00.002+08:002014-06-12T14:51:40.689+08:00Receptionist duty when receiving Visitors<span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;">An
interesting aspect of receptionist duties is demonstrating your ‘people skills’
as you receive visitors who come to the office to see various staff members.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The extent of involvement with
visitors will depend on the size of the organization and the way it is
structured.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Small Organization<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> In small organization there may be
only one member of the office staff who carries out a wide range of duties,
including of receptionist. It will be that person’s responsibility to make
callers feel welcome, show them where to wait and direct them to the right
person or place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Large Organization<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Large organizations generally employ
a receptionist to handle the switchboard, deal with callers and give routine
information about the organization. The reception area is located near the main
entrance to the building or suite of offices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Security<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Some organizations require clients
to sign a visitor’s book when they enter and leave the office. The receptionist
might also supply visitors with an identifying badge or tag to wear while they
are o the premises.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Visitors’ Requirement<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Acknowledge visitors as soon as they
arrive. Your manner should always be courteous, pleasant and helpful. Politely
ask the visitor’s name, who they have come to see, and whether he or she has an
appointment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> If you frame the question carefully
you will get a clear and pleasant response. Here are some examples: “May I have
your name please?” : “Would you mind spelling your name for me ?”. Concentrate
on the answer given, maintain eye contact as much as possible, and avoid asking
for answers to be repeated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Try not to make visitors wait. If
you are on the telephone, acknowledge to visitor by a nod or smile.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Locating staff for visitors<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Once you have greeted the visitor
and established why they are there, contact the person they have come to see as
quickly as possible. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Contacting the staff member<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Phone the relevant staff members to
tell them that their visitor has arrived. They will usually ask you to direct
the visitor to their office, come to reception.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Directions for Visitors<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The manner in which a visitor is
directed or escorted depends on the size and layout of the office. Remember, if
you are responsible for switchboard duties and you leave your workstation, you
must ask another member of staff to take calls while you are away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Delays
or non-availability<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> For various reasons, a staff member
might not be able to see a visitor immediately, even if he or she has
appointment. If this happens, it is courteous to keep the visitors informed.
Explain why the staff member is delayed or currently unavailable, and how long
you think the visitor might have to wait.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Difficult situations<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Because the receptionist deals with
so many callers and clients, he or she will sometimes have to handle unusual or
challenging situations. These might be related to appointment details,
misunderstandings, diversity of personalities or sensitive information. You
should handle all situations and callers calmly, confidently and politely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-90897666116181848092014-06-11T08:48:00.005+08:002014-06-11T08:48:46.712+08:00Role and duties of the Receptionist<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The receptionist is often the first
person contacted and observed by clients and others wishing to do business with
an organization. For this reason he or she is a very important person in the
organization’s structure and will immediately give visitors and clients a
positive or negative impression.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> As well as being a key contact
person for those outside the organization, the receptionist is a central link
for departments and people within the organization. These internal staff
members might work in the same building.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">The receptionist is a vital link:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">For clients and
customers of the organization<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">For departments and
other companies belonging to the organization<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Between staff members<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Between staff members
and people outside the organization<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Duties of the receptionist</span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The person responsible for reception
duties will be multi-skilled. Depending in the size and functions of the
organization, the receptionist’s duties may include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Greeting visitors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Introducing visitors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Switchboard
operations (including handling enquires and complaints, transferring
incoming and internal calls, making outgoing calls, taking and
distributing message)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Handling
incoming/outgoing mail<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Organizing transport</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Personal and organization skills</span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> To fulfil the role and duties of
the position, a receptionist needs a range of personal and organizational
skills which may include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Listening<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Clear, and pleasant
speech<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Neat handwriting<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Confidentially<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Courtesy<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Initiative<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tact and diplomacy<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Corporate image</span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> First impression is very important.
The appearance and presentation of both the reception area and the receptionist
will influence the impressions visitors form about the organization. There is
no room for slackness, untidiness, poor grooming or anything else which might
mar organization’s image.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Reception area<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The way the reception area is set up
and maintained is an indication of the standards the business wishes to
reflect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Make sure that the reception area is
kept tidy during the day. Ensure availability of:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sufficient chairs<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Reading</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: Arial;"> material (including information about the
organization, if appropriate)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tea and coffee
facilities<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Comfortable
temperature and ventilation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Personal appearance</span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Corporate dressing or wearing a
uniform can be part of an organization’s policy. If so, you should be given
guidelines for the dress code when you start in the job. If there is no
uniform, observe how other members of staff dress. Avoid extremes of fashion
and build a wardrobe of clothes that suit you and are comfortable. One good way
of doing this is to choose jackets, skirts and pants in basic colour and then
add tops, shirts and accessories for toning or contracting effect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-79171353427883667182014-06-10T08:57:00.002+08:002014-06-10T08:57:12.608+08:00Management of Stress<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">It
is important for you to find the level of stress stimulates your productivity
without causing any physical damage. If possible you should take action to
remove the “factor” causing the stress. If this is not possible, then there are
a number of ways or techniques that you can use to help manage stress,
including the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Using relaxation techniques<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Relaxation techniques can be used to
overcome stress by causing you to physically and mentally unwind. Physical
relaxation can be achieved by “letting go” the tension in your muscles. Mental
relaxation can be achieved by “blocking out” the thoughts which are causing the
tension for a period of time each day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Maintaining a correct diet<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A well-balanced diet in needed to
supply your body with nutrients which will assist you when dealing with the
adverse effects of stress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Undertaking regular exercise<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Improve your physical fitness.
Undergo a medical check-up and ascertain if there is any physical reason you
cannot undertake regular exercise. If not, set about developing a program that
appeals to you. Think movement “increase your activity”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Planning and Time Management<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Disorganization, lack of planning
and the ineffective use of time management skills can lead to stress-related
symptoms. Make certain that you establish your responsibilities, priorities and
objectives and keep to you goals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Delegating<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> If you find yourself in a managerial
position, remember that the delegation of duties in an important part of
reducing unnecessary stress. Being able to delegate is an essential tool in
stress control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Communicating<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> An effective way of reducing stress
is talking to a good listener in the workplace about the work-related concerns
you are experiencing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Attending seminars/courses<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Stress management seminars/courses
are available at in number of hospitals, clinics and community centres. Some
organizations also run in-house programs on this subject.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-49659023508478689522014-06-09T10:21:00.001+08:002014-06-09T10:23:16.252+08:00Physical Hazards to be found in the workplace<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">There are
many physical hazards to be found in the workplace and these can have a
detrimental effect on the productivity of the staff. Employers should ensure
the occupational health and safety of stand by providing a safe work
environment and taking into consideration noise, vibration, air quality, office
furniture and equipment, office décor, workplace conditions and lighting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Noise<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;">High level irritating sound/noise is dangerous and
can lead to:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">High error rate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Difficulty in
concentrating on tasks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Annoyance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Increased stress
levels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Headaches<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.25in;">Interference
with verbal communication, leading to misinterpretation of instructions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Noise-induced
hearing loss<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">External Noise<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> This may be due to the location of
the building, and may come from heavy traffic, being under an aircraft flight
path or be due to the activities of nearby industry. Although complete
elimination of noise is not possible, the following will be minimized this
problem:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Provision of thick
masonry walls<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Installation of
acoustic ceilings<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Installation of
double-glazed windows<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Internal Noise</span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A special scale is used to measure
noise. General points for internal noise reduction include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Control noise at its
source<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Relocate or place
equipment such as computers, word processors an photocopies in sound-proof
booths, enclosures or rooms<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use noise-reducing
pads to buffer sound<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use drapes and
carpets to help with sound absorption<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Choose office
machines which are quiet<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Request acoustic
hoods for items such as noisy printers and computers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Vibration</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Vibration
is a common industrial hazard. It is often caused by the rapid to and from
motion of power-driven machines or tools. Vibration can affect the whole body
and/or hands and arms. Intense exposure can result in both short and long term
physical disorders such as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">High blood pressure<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Digestive and stomach
ailment <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Discomfort<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Fatigue<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Giddiness<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Joint and home damage<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Motion sickness<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nervous system
damage, such as numbness<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">General points for vibration
reduction are:</span></u></i></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Install automated
systems for the job<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Control vibration
noise at its source<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Re-design equipment
and tools<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Implement regular
rest periods<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use insulation and
remote controls<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use vibration-reduced
equipment<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Place machinery or
equipment on vibration-dampening mounts<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Air quality and ventilation</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Small offices may use a portable air
conditioner which can be located in different areas when required. Many large
offices have a centrally controlled system which is operated only by authorized
personnel. Both systems are used to provide the following benefits for staff.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Temperature and humidity control<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Maintaining comfortable levels of
heat and moisture is necessary for the well-being of employees. This is also an
important factor for the care and protection of computer-based equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Air conditioning/reverse cycle
heating, fans or freestanding heaters may be used to meet individual needs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Air control<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Under floor systems are becoming
popular methods or air control. The floor is raised and. From the cavity below
(plenum), the air is distributed into the working areas through grilles. Where
there is no air conditioning, a good flow of air results from opening a window
and a door opposite one another.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;">General
points to consider regarding air quality and temperature</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Maintain comfortable
levels of heat and cold<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Provide a good flow
of air<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Provide cool rest
areas<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Provide appropriate
rest breaks<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ensure there is
access to hot or cold drinks, depending on requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-64441376683002434382014-06-08T18:48:00.003+08:002014-06-08T18:48:18.565+08:00Occupational Health and Safety in the Office<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">It
is the responsibility of management to provide a safe workplace and the
responsibility of employees to work within safety guidelines. This will ensure
that risks are reduced to an acceptable level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A code is not necessary a lengthy
document. It should be written in plain language so that it is easily
understood. The document is directed to one specific area of control, for
example there would be one for handling dangerous chemicals and a separate one
for handling dangerous chemicals and a separate one for noise control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Areas
covered in a code of practical should include:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Identifying the
extend to which employers, supervisors and employees are responsible for
safety<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Listing specific
work-related danger and health risks<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Detailing ideal, safe
working conditions<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Providing protective
clothing and equipment, if applicable<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Providing for
emergencies and first aid<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Listing details of
maintenance required<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Providing training
for staff<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Monitoring medical
and environmental issues</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Safety representatives will oversee
that management is complying with the codes of practice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Responsibilities
of employer and employees<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Employers<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Irrespective of the size and type of
business being operated and employer has responsibilities under guidelines set
out by the appropriate government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Employers can play a vital part in
the prevention of accidents at work. Industrial accidents and illnesses lead to
high staff turnover and additional training expenses. This causes disruption to
staff/union and management relationships. To avoid productivity losses, an employer
needs to be aware of safeguards for employees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
legal responsibilities of an employer are:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To provide a safe and
healthy place in which employer can work<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To take out workers’
compensation insurance covering all workers, failure to do this results in
a heavy fine<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To establish a
rehabilitation program to assist injured employees to return to work<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To provide an
accident record register in which details of all injuries are shown<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To forward workers’
compensation claim forms and medical certificates to the appropriate
insurance company as soon as possible<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Employees<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;">An employee has the right to:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">A safe and
healthy workplace<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compensation if
he or she is injured in the workplace or if a sickness results from employment.
This includes payment of wages, doctors’ and hospital bills<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Assistance with
rehabilitation to enable him or her to return to work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> If an employee has any concern about
working conditions, this should be indicated to the employer or union
representative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;">An
employee should be aware of the following obligations and responsibilities:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">If injured at work,
the accident must be reported immediately<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">If a doctor’s
assistance is sough and it is necessary for the employee to be off work,
the doctor is required to fill in a medical clearance for the appropriate
state authority<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A workers’
compensation claim form is to be completed by filling out the basic
details of the accident or injury. This form is available from the
employer<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Copies of all forms
and certificates must be kept<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To claim for sickness
or injury at work, it is necessary to hand both the compensation claim
form and the doctor’s certificate to the employer, who in turn has the
responsibility to forward both forms to the insurance company.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-56559034000455784952014-06-06T09:20:00.000+08:002014-06-06T09:20:03.488+08:00Security of Information and Confidentiality<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Advancing
computer technology has enabled the setting up of large database containing
personal details of individuals and politically sensitive information in
organizations such as hospitals, banks, government authorities and private
businesses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">It
is essential that these details are kept confidential and secure to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ensure individuals
have the right to privacy<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Prevent computer
files from being copied and sold to competitors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Protect politically
sensitive information at government levels</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Training of employees in security
and confidentiality measures<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> To maximize the security and
confidentiality of data, consideration should be give to the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Shredding hardcopy
when it is no longer required</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Using passwords for
access to sensitive data</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Making staff aware,
through staff development training programs, of the importance of
maintaining privacy in relation to clients’ personal information and the
organization’s business</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Screening, selecting
and training suitable and trustworthy employees to access data</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Having appropriate
supervision</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Using external audit
checks of financial transactions</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ensuring
that employees of federal departments and agencies comply with Information
Privacy Principles.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-71047488616719418312014-06-05T14:42:00.001+08:002014-06-05T14:42:19.812+08:00Advantages and disadvantage of computer technology<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Advantages</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Computer technology in
the workplace provides:</span></u><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">-. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">A “speedy” aid to the way work is done</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> -. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Jobs that are more varied, enjoyable and
rewarding, thereby boosting staff morale reduction in drudgery when routine
calculations and other repetitive jobs are undertaken</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">New career opportunities</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">New job titles</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">An increase in salary</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">A change in responsibility</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Improved accuracy (if correct data has been
keyed in by operator)</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Increased efficiency and productivity</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Improved customer relations</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Competitiveness with other organizations</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Instant “communication”</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Disadvantages</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Computer technology in
the workplace may result in:</span></u><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Huge capital outlay on installation</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Redundancy and job loss due to the need for
fewer members of staff</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17.05pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17.05pt;"> -. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17.05pt;">Health problems such as occupational overuse
syndrome and </span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.733333587646484px;">eye-strain</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17.05pt;"> if correct occupational health and safety procedures are
not followed</span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Difficulties by some staff in adjusting to
retraining</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Computer Crime</span></u><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"> Because computers are able to hold and manipulate vast
banks of data, computer security is one of the major issues facing
organizations today. Systems linked to the Internet are vulnerable not only to
people within an organization, but to anyone who is able to break the security
system.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-1186353912863826212014-06-04T08:02:00.001+08:002014-06-04T08:02:55.790+08:00The impact of Technological change in management<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Technological
change has probably had the greatest impact. Change brought about by
technological advances has occurred in many, if not all, areas of employment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">On Employers<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Employers take great care to choose
equipment that is suitable for both current and future needs. In an office
situation, they are generally keen for expensive electronic equipment to be
used as much as possible for data handling and storage tasks, in order to
increase productivity and efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Management with a sincere concern
for welfare keeps all staff members informed of future automation plans. They
involve employees in decision making, and in discussing variations in
management techniques and structure related to-change. They also ensure that
appropriate training and retraining is made available and that correct
ergonomic workplace and workstations are set up.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">On Employees<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Technological change is accelerating
the need to learn new skills many times during the course of a career. It is
wise to look at this objectively and maintain a positive attitude to change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> This technological change has
resulted in positions being advertised under different title and often calling
for specific computing skills.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Some
of these titles, extracted from newspaper advertising, are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Accounts Secretary,
knowledge of Excel<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Secretary – knowledge
of spreadsheet and graphics required<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Database
administrator<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Data entry operator<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">System analyst<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Payroll specialist<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Customer service
officer (with computing skills)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Personal Assistant –
Page maker essential<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Etc.etc<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Indications
are that in the future highly skilled, computer literate, flexible individuals
will be increasingly in demand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Technology
change has an impact on both employers and employees. Factor of technology also
can bringing about change in the workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6502292957809208940.post-82758304339186459642014-06-03T20:31:00.002+08:002014-06-03T20:31:52.223+08:00Work Environment - Contract workers<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Contract workers<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> In both the public and private
sector, workers many now are employed under contract for specified periods such
as three months, six months or longer. This may be to assist in operating
within budgetary constraints or to give greater flexibility. The term used for
this type of non-permanent work is <b><i>outsourcing.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Contractors may only want to work
for short periods. They can also move on to another job if they are
dissatisfied.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> In most cases employers are not
responsible to cover contract workers for such things as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Leave payments<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Superannuation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Workers’ compensation</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> If the employer is unhappy with the
contractor, the contract is not renewed. Unfair dismissal charges are less likely
to occur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A side effect of contract work is
that once contractors work this way they become very confident and many set up
their own businesses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Hours of work<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> A few years ago, the more senior the
position held, the fewer hours of work were involved. This has been reversed
with many senior staff members now working almost double the expected hours.
Some organizations compensate employees for the extra time either by a payment
or by granting time off in lieu. However, in many cases neither of these
rewards is given.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> If deadlines have to be met,
employees cope with the pressure and accept the long hours as part of their
job.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Flexible working hours<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Flexitime operates mainly in the
public sector although it is also available in some larger private business. In
other cases, employees have a flexible working pattern such as a nine-day
fortnight.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> With Flexitime there are is a core
time for attendance. This usually means that all staff should be on duty by 10.00
am and not leave before 3.00 pm (for example). Staff may come in earlier or
stay later to build up their hours of attendance over a period specified in the
award (generally a monthly period). They then take either one day as
flexi-leave or two half days to adjust the extra hours worked.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335666033744921444noreply@blogger.com0